The Balfour Declaration: Britain’s Great War Pledge To Lord Rothschild – an Israeli State in Exchange for US Entrance into the Great War

According to Lloyd George’s Memoirs of the Peace Conference, where, as planned many years before, the Zionists were strongly represented,

There is no better proof of the value of the Balfour Declaration as a military move than the fact that Germany entered into negotiations with Turkey in an endeavor to provide an alternative scheme which would appeal to Zionists. A German-Jewish Society, the V.J.O.D., [HH] was formed, and in January 1918, Talaat, the Turkish Grand Vizier, at the instigation of the Germans, gave vague promises of legislation by means of which “all justifiable wishes of the Jews in Palestine would be able to meet their fulfillment.”

Another most cogent reason for the adoption by the Allies of the policy of the Declaration lay in the state of Russia herself. Russian Jews had been secretly active on behalf of the Central Powers from the first; they had become the chief agents of German pacifist propaganda in Russia; by 1917 they had done much in preparing for that general disintegration of Russian society, later recognised as the Revolution. It was believed that if Great Britain declared for the fulfillment of Zionist aspirations in Palestine under her own pledge, one effect would be to bring Russian Jewry to the cause of the Entente.

It was believed, also, that such a declaration would have a potent influence upon world Jewry outside Russia, and secure for the Entente the aid of Jewish financial interests. In America, their aid in this respect would have a special value when the Allies had almost exhausted the gold and marketable securities available for American purchases. Such were the chief considerations which, in 1917, impelled the British Government towards making a contract with Jewry.[189]

As for getting the support of Russian Jewry, Trotsky’s aims were to overthrow the Provisional Government and turn the imperialist war into a war of international revolution. In November 1917 the first aim was accomplished. Military factors primarily influenced Lenin to sign the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918.

The Zionist sympathizers Churchill and George seemed never to lose an opportunity to tell the British people that they had an obligation to support the Zionists.

But what had the Zionists done for Britain?

Where was the documentation?

“Measured by British interests alone,” wrote the Oxford historian Elizabeth Monroe in 1963, the Balfour Declaration “was one of the greatest mistakes in our imperial history!”

The Zionists had the Herzlian tradition — shall we call it — of Promises, “promises.” Considerable credit for the diplomacy which brought into existence the Jewish national home must go to Weizmann. A British official who came into contact with him summarized his diplomatic method in the following words:

When (the First World War) began, his cause was hardly known to the principal statesman of the victors. It had many enemies, and some of the most formidable were amongst the most highly placed of his own people … He once told me that 2,000 interviews had gone into the making of the Balfour Declaration. With unerring skill he adapted his arguments to the special circumstances of each statesman. To the British and Americans he could use biblical language and awake a deep emotional undertone; to other nationalities he more often talked in terms of interest. Mr. Lloyd George was told that Palestine was a little mountainous country not unlike Wales; with Lord Balfour the philosophical background of Zionism could be surveyed; for Lord Cecil the problem was placed in the setting of a new world organization; while to Lord Milner the extension of imperial power could be vividly portrayed. To me, who dealt with these matters as a junior officer of the General Staff, he brought from many sources all the evidences that could be obtained of the importance of a Jewish national home to the strategical position of the British Empire, but he always indicated by a hundred shades and inflections of the voice that he believed that I could also appreciate better than my superiors other more subtle and recondite arguments.[190]

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[HH]   Vereinigung Jüdischer Organisationen in Deutschland zur Wahrung der Rechte des Osten. (Alliance of the Jewish Organizations of Germany for the Safeguarding of the Rights of the East.)

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Triumph and Tragedy

Herzl correctly predicted a great war between the Great Powers. His followers organized to be ready for that time to further their ambitions through exploiting the rivalry of the Great Powers. They had a vested interest in promoting that war and in its continuance until Palestine was wrested from Turkey by British soldiers.

They prepared for the Peace Conference at Versailles although they had no belligerent standing, but they had the weight of the Rothschilds, Bernard Baruch, Felix Frankfurter, and others, which made room for them.

In the Introduction to The Palestine Diary I wrote,

The establishment in 1948 of a “Jewish state” in Palestine was a phenomenal achievement. In fifty years from the Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland, in 1897 — attended by a small number of Jews who represented little more than themselves — the Zionist idea had captivated the vast majority of world Jewry, and enlisted in particular Britain, America and the United Nations to intervene in Palestine in its support.

In 1983, seventy-five years after the Balfour Declaration and nearly ninety years after the first Zionist Congress in Switzerland a meeting was held there of the International Conference on the Question of Palestine — but the conferees were not Jews — they were Palestinians — two million are in exile — displaced by Jews!

Where is the meaning for us?

On a day-to-day level, we can look in our newspapers for Zionist tactics of influence and leverage which we can document they have used successfully in the past.

Then there is a long-term strategy, From the mass of material in a century of history and in our complex society of today I see the underlying effect of two themes, They influence the lives of every one of us, and will continue to do so unless a change is made.

We can see them clearly in their early formulation, before they had been fed as valid data into the information processing and software systems of our society, with the result that most of the answers we get are wrong!

They are found in the conversation of Herzl and Meyer-Cohn in 1895. The sets of ideas are those associated with Jewish nationalism and racism on the Right [191] — racism being defined by Sir Andrew Huxley P.R.S. as the belief in the subjugation of one race by another, and on the other hand the concept of “universalism.”

Acceptance of this input from the Right into our computations has resulted in the transfer of some $50 billion from our pockets into theirs.[192] In 1983, budgeted American tax money, labeled “aid,” alone amounts to $625 for every man, woman and child in Israel.[193] It results in our acceptance of concentration camps for Palestinians containing thousands of people without a squeak from the so-called “international community” in acceptance of their assassination, torture, deportation, closing of their schools and colleges, even of their massacre.[194] The lives of American troops — men and women, are committed to supporting these crimes.[195] Criticism is called “antisemitism,” a word which computes as “unemployable social outcast.”

Jewish nationalism and Israeli policy planned the present destabilization of Lebanon in 1955.[196] This is part of larger schemes to fragment and enfeeble possible challenges to their supremacy in the Middle East.[197]

On the other hand we have “universalism.” This, I believe was the factor motivating Woodrow Wilson through House in his telegram of 30 May 1916 and letter of 16 June 1915 to the President, to which I have referred. “The League of Nations,” the United Nations Organization, are its printouts. Just as House was a coefficient of the international bankers, so the United Nations and the international bankers have been part of the coefficient whereby over $400 billion of the earnings of workers in countries where universalism is a significant force, has been transferred to the peoples of Asia, Africa, South America and Communist countries; money needed for our capital investment.

People should ask: How is it that, with such multiplication of industrial power and resources, our peoples’ standard of living and possibilities to have and support children have not multiplied accordingly? Why do so many of our women have to work? Why does no public figure — politician, labor leader — dare to ask — and raise the roof?

Universalism and Marxism compete superficially for first place as finalists in western culture distortion. Both promote its ethnic dilution, but deny us the reality of racial differences. Against our individuality and our nationalism, they and the global capitalists and their corporations unite as transnationals to reduce all but themselves to a common consumer market of blurred boundaries and one color. They would like one law — which they would make; one armed force — which they would control. Universalism would impose — not a global peace, but a global tyranny!

Universalism has come up with “interdependence,” an expression used as a cover for the expropriation of our earnings as foreign aid in various forms; it has anesthetized the sense of self-defense of our countries so that those who have tried to stop their colonization by people from exploding populations of Africa, Asia and Latin America have been made to feel that they were depriving others of their “human rights.”

In countries where they live other than Israel, Zionists are in the forefront of opposition to restrictions on immigration. Note that even in 1903 a leader of the fight against the Alien’s Bill and against tightening up naturalization regulations in Britain was the pro-Zionist Winston S. Churchill, and the super-Zionist Herzl appeared before the Royal Commission on Alien Immigration to oppose any restriction.

And yet, my Arab friends born in Jerusalem are cast out and cannot return.

“If,” said Herzl, “we wanted to bring about the unity of mankind independent of national boundaries, we would have to combat the ideal of patriotism. The latter, however, will prove stronger than we for innumerable years to come.

In a hundred years they have almost won that struggle.

In a conversation with Joseph Chamberlain in 1903, Theodore Herzl was asked how the Jewish colony would survive in the distant future. Herzl said, “We shall play the role of a small buffer state. We shall attain this not through the goodwill but from the jealousy of the Powers.”

This is the game that Israel plays today, obtaining its military supplies, its high technology, and its billions of dollars from the pay packets of American workers, using the rivalry of the USSR and the U.S.A.

We should not allow ourselves to be made pawns in the games of others.

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Appendix

(Page 9) With regard to Palestine, His Majesty’s Government are committed by Sir H. McMahon’s letter to the Sherif on the 24th October, 1915, to its inclusion in the boundaries of Arab independence. But they have stated their policy regarding the Palestinian Holy Places and Zionist colonisation in their message to him of the 4th January, 1918:

“That so far as Palestine is concerned, we are determined that no people shall be subjected to another, but that in view of the fact:

“(a.) That there are in Palestine shrines, Wakfs, and Holy Places, sacred in some cases to Moslems alone, to Jews alone, to Christians alone, and in others to two or all three, and inasmuch as these places are of interest to vast masses of people outside Palestine and Arabia, there must be a special regime to deal with these places approved of by the world.

“(b.) That as regards the Mosque of Omar, it shall be considered as a Moslem concern alone, and shall not be subjected directly or indirectly to any non-Moslem authority.

“That since the Jewish opinion of the world is in favour of a return of Jews to Palestine, and inasmuch as this opinion must remain a constant factor, and further, as His Majesty’s Government view with favour the realisation of this aspiration. His Majesty’s Government are determined that in so far as is compatible with the freedom of the existing population, both economic and political, no obstacle should be put in the way of the realisation of this ideal.”

This message was delivered personally to King Husein by Commander Hogarth, and the latter reported on his reception of it as follows:

“The King would not accept an independent Jewish State in Palestine, nor was I instructed to warn him that such a State was contemplated by Great Britain. He probably knows nothing of the actual or possible economy of Palestine, and his ready assent to Jewish settlement there is not worth very much. But I think he appreciates the financial advantage of Arab co-operation with the Jews.”

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Notes

[1]  A Survey of Palestine, 1945-1946, H.M.S.O., vol. I, p.1.
[2]  Lowenthal, The Diaries of Theodor Herzl. pp.35.
[2a]  Ibid., p.63.
[2b]  Ibid., pp. 128-129, 132, 152, 176.
[3]  Ibid., p.215.
[4]  Weizmann, Trial and Error, p.45-46.
[5]  Stein, Leonard, Zionism (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubaer and Ca., 1932). p.62.
[6]  Bela. Alex., Theodor Herzl (tr. Maurice Samuel). (Philadelphia: Jewish Palestine Society), pp. 304-305; Halpern. The Ideal of a Jewish State, p.144.
[7]  Ibid,. For financial details. see pp. 262-264.
[8]  Lowenthal, The Diaries of Theodor Herzl, p.398.
[9]  Lewisohn, Ludwig, Theodor Herzl. (New York: World. 1955). pp. 335-341.
[10] Bela. Theodor Herzl, p.490.
[11] Ibid., pp. 361ff. 378f.
[12] Ziff, William B., The Rape of Palestine. (New York: Longmans & Green, 1938), p. 43.
[13] British Foreign Office to Herzl, 19 lane 1903, Zionist Archives, Jerusalem.
[14] Tagebuecher, vol.111, pp, 412-413 (24 April 1903), Berlin 1922.
[15] Stein. Leonard, The Balfour Declaration. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1916),
[16] Lipsky, Louis, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles (New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1956), p.37.
[17] Halpern, The Idea of a Jewish State, pp. 154-155.
[18] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.78. [19] Ibid., p. 35.
[20] Lipsky, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles, p.94.
[21] Alsberg, F.A., Ha-Sh’ela ha-Aravit, vol. I, Shivat Zion, IV, pp. 161-209. Quoted by Halpern in The Idea of a Jewish State, p.267.
[22] Lipsky, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles, p.36.
[23] Ibid., p. 98.
[24] Halpern, The Idea of a Jewish State, p.267.
[25] Lipsky, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles, pp.95.98.
[26] Protocols of the 10th Zionist Congress, p.11.
[27] Lipsky, A Gallery of Zionist Profiles, p.26.
[28] Halpern. The Idea of a Jewish State, p. 267.
[29] Report of the 12th Zionist Congress (London: Central Office of the Organization. 1922) pp. 13ff.
[30] Bela, A., Return to the Soil. (Jerusalem: Zionist Organization. 1952) p.27.
[31] Hecht, Ben, Perfidy (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1961), p.254.
[32] Reports submitted by the Executive of the Zionist Organization to the 12th Zionist Congress, London, 1921, Palestine Report. p.7.
[33] Hyamson, A.M., The Near East, 31 Oct. 1913 (London, 1917), p.68.
[34] Ibid., pp.39-40.
[35] Jewish Chronicle, 16 October 1908.
[36] Die Welt, 22 January 1909.
[37] Protocols of the 11th Zionist Congress, p.6.
[38] Joffre, Joseph J.C., The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1932), Vol.1, pp.38-39.
[39] Chamberlain, Austen, Down the Years (London: Cassell & Co., 1935), p.104.
[40] Churchill, Winston L.S., The World Crisis, 1911-1918 (London: T. Butterworth, 1931), Vol.1, p.234.
[41] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp.104-105.
[42] Ibid., p.109.
[43] Ibid., pp.233-234.
[44] Adamov, E., Ed., Die Europaeische Maechte und die Tuerkei Waehrend des Weltkriegs-Die Aufteilung der Asiatischen Tuerkei. Translation from Russian (Dresden, 1932), No.91.
[45] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.97.
[46] For details see 1921 Reports submitted by the Executive Committee of the Zionist Organization to the Twelfth Zionist Congress, London, 1921.
[47] Letter from Max Bodheimer to Otto Warburg, 22 November 1914 Jerusalem: Zionist Archives), quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.98, n.8.
[48] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp.197-198.
[49] Gottheil to Louis 0. Brandeis, 1 October 1914 (unpublished).
[50] London: The Times, 10 November 1914.
[51] Letter from Greenberg to Herzl, 4 July 1903, quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.28. This seems to indicate Lloyd George’s first contact with the Zionist movement: ‘Lloyd George, as you know, is an M.P.; he, therefore, knows the ropes of these things and can be helpful to us.’
[52] Samuel, Viscount Herbert, Memoirs (London: Cresset Press, 1945), pp 139ff.
[53] Letter from Samuel to Weizmann, 11 January 1915, quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.109, fo. 24; also Samuel, Memoirs, p.144.
[54] Samuel, Memoirs, p.143. In a letter of 20 November 1912 to the Zionist Executive, Weizmann mentioned Haldane as one of the important persons to whom he thought he could gain access: Zionist Archives.
[55] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.111, fn. 33; Crewe’s mother-in-law was the Countess of Rosebery, daughter of Baron Mayer de Rothschild, see p.112, fn. 34.
[56] Samuel, Memoirs, p.141.
[57] Oxford and Asquith, Earl, Memories and Reflections (London: Cassell, 1928), Vol. II , p. 59.
[58] Samuel, Memoirs, pp.143-144.
[59] Oxford and Asquith, Memories and Reflections, Vol. II, p. 65.
[60] Ibid., p. 188; Reports submitted by the Executive Committee of the Zionist Organization to the Twelfth Zionist Congress, London 1921. ‘Organization Report.’ p. 113, gives a much smaller figure.
[61] Rischin, Moses, The Promised City: New York’s Jews, 1870-1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962).
[62] German Foreign Office Documents at London Record Office, Washington to Berlin K 692/K 176709-10, and K 692/K 17611-12-Berlin to Washington, 1 November 1914. ‘Some time ago we already strongly advised Turkey, on account of international Jewry, to protect Jews of every nationality, and we are now reverting to the matter once again.’
[63] German Foreign Office Documents, K 692/K 176723 and 176745.
[64] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.201.
[65] Richard Lichtheim to Leonard Stein, 12 February 1952, The Balfour Declaration, p.209, fn. 9.
[66] Report dated 8 March 1915, Papers of Nahum Sokolow, Quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.210, fn. 10.
[67] Palestine Report to 1921 Zionist Congress, p. 34.
[68] Lichtheim, Richard, Memoirs, published in Hebrew version as She’ar Yashoov (Tel Aviv: Newman, 1953), Chapter XV.
[69] Ibid., Chapter XVIII.
[70] The Times of history of the War; Vol. XIV, pp. 320-321; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 212-213; e.g., Preussicher Jahrbuecher, August-September 1915, article by Kurt Blumenfeld.
[71] Lichtheim, Memoirs, Chapter XVIII; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 213-214, fns. 21.22.
[72] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.214, fn. 23.
[73] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 536-537; Note of the interview in memorandum 28 August 1917, Zionist Archives.
[74] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.537. Even in 1959, Aaronssohn’s superior, Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen. wrote: “I am not at liberty to divulge any of his exploits as it would publicize methods better kept secret”- Middle East Diary 1917-1956 (New York: Yoseloff, 1960) p.5.
[75] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.217.
[76] Conjoint Foreign Committee 1916/210, 5 April 1916; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.218.
[77] Hatikvah (Antwerp), December 1927, contains article by Basch.
[78] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1915/340.
[79] Ibid., 1916/183ff; Translated in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.219.
[80] Poincare, R., Au Service de la France (Paris: Plon, 1926), Vol. VIII, p.220,15 May 1916.
[81] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1916/110, 124; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p 220.
[82] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1916/11ff; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 220-221.
[83] Die Welt, 1913, No. 35, p. 1146; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 67.
[84] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1916/130ff, 18 February 1916; Stein. The Balfour Declaration, p. 221.
[85] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1916/206; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 223.
[86] Stein. The Balfour Declaration, p.225.
[87] Adamov, E., Ed., Die Europoeische Maechte und die Tuerkei Waehrend des Weltkriegs-Die Aufteilung der Asiatischen Tuerkei. Translation from Russian (Dresden, 1932), No.80.
[88] Conjoint Foreign Committee, 1916/387.
[89] Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 1915-1916, p.434.
[90] Falls, Cyril, The Great War (New York; Putnam, 1959), p.180.
[91] Yale, William, The Near East: A Modern History (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 1958) p. 263.
[92] Caster (Moses) Papers, quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.285, fn.
[93] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 488-490.
[94] Lloyd George, War Memoirs, 1915-1916, p.276.
[95] Landman, S., in World Jewry, Balfour Declaration: Secret Facts Revealed (London: Independent Weekly Journal, 1935), Vol.2, No.43, 22 February 1935.
[96] Landman, Balfour Declaration: Secret Facts Revealed, Vol. 2, No 43, 22 February 1935; also, Malcolm, Origins of the Balfour Declaration: Dr. Weizmann’s Contribution, pp. 2-3.
[97] Landman, Balfour Declaration: Secret Facts Revealed, Vol. 2, No 43, 22 February 1935; also, Link, A.S., Wilson, The New Freedom (Princeton: University Press. 1956) pp. 10ff, 13ff.
[98] Ziff, The Rape of Palestine, p. 58.
[99] Mason, Alphoos T.M., Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life (New York: Viking Press, 1956), p. 451.
[100] Ibid., p. 452.
[101] Gwynn, Stephen, Ed., Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice (London: Constable, 1929), Vol. II, pp. 200-201.
[102] Yale, The Near East, p.268.
[103] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p. 448.
[104] The Times Documentary History of the War, London, 1917, Vol. IX, Part 3, p. 303.
[105] National Archives. Department of State, Decimal File 1910-1929, No. 881.4018/325.
[106] Jewish Advocate, 13 August 1915.
[107] Boston Post, 4 October 1915.
[108] The ESCO (Ethel Silverman Cohn) Foundation of Palestine. Inc., Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab and British Policies (New Haven: Yale University Press 1947), Vol. I, pp.87-89.
[109] Sykes, Two Studies in Virtue, p.187.
[110] Somervell, D.C., British Politics Since 1900 (New York: Oxford University Press 1950), p. 113.
[111] Report of the Twelfth Zionist Congress (London: Central Office of the Zionist Organization, 1922), p. 13ff.
[112] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 25.
[113] Antonius, The Arab Awakening, p. 263.
[114] Taylor. Alan, Prelude to Israel (New York: Philosophical Library, 1959), p. 19.
[115] The ESCO Foundation, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab and British Policies, Vol. I, pp. 92-93
[116] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 286-287.
[117] The ESCO Foundation, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab and British Policies, Vol. I, pp. 94.
[118] Taylor. Alan, Prelude to Israel, p. 20.
[118a] Stein, p 509 citing Brandeis’ papers.
[119] New York Times 24 March 1917.
[120] United States: State Department Document 861.00/288, 19 March 1917.
[120a] 120a. Stein, p 332 fn.
[121] Sykes, Two Studies in Virtue, p. 196.
[122] Jeffries, Palestine: The Reality, p. 140. Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 396, fn. 10.
[123] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 396-397.
[124] Ibid., p. 394 fn 3.
[125] Letter from Sokolow to Weizmann, quoted in The Balfour Declaration, p. 400, fn. 27.
[126] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.400. fn. 29.
[127] Landman, S., in World Jewry, Balfour Declaration: Scent Facts Revealed (London: Independent Weekly Journal 1935), 1 March 1935.
[128] Les Origines de la Déclaration Balfour, Question d’Israel (Paris, 1939), Vol. 17, p. 680 (Translation)
[129] Ibid.
[130] Translation from Russian in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 395.
[131] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 414.
[132] Sykes, Two Studies in Virtue, p. 211.
[133] Jeffries, Palestine: The Reality, p. 141.
[134] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p.452.
[135] Dugdale, Blanche E.C., Arthur James Balfour (London, Hutchinson, 1936), Vol, II. p. 231.
[136] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, pp. 452-453.
[137] The Times (London), 24 May 1917.
[138] Ibid., 28 May 1917.
[139] Jeffries, Palestine: The Reality, p. 148.
[140] Ibid., p 149.
[141] Ibid., p 153.
[142] Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 179.
[143] Stein, p. 462.
[144] Ibid.
[145] Ibid.
[146] Ibid., pp 463-64.
[147] Yale, The Near East: A Modern History, p. 241 Also article by William Yale in World Politics (New Haven: April 1949), Vol. I, No.3, pp. 308-320 on ‘Ambassador Morgenthau’s Special Mission of 1917’; Stein, The BalfourDeclaration, pp. 352-360.
[148] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p. 453.
[149] Ibid., p 453.
[150] Jeffries, Palestine: The Reality, pp. 163-164.
[151] De Haas, Jacob, Theodor Herzl: A Biographical Study (Chicago: University Press, 1027), Vol. I, pp. 194 et seq
[152] Sykes, Two Studies in Virtue: On the basis of Nordan’s manuscript, ‘The Prosperity of His Servant.’ p 160 fn 1.
[153] Sadaqu Najib, Qadiyet Falastin (Beirut: 1946) pp. 19, 31.
[154] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 526.
[155] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p.673.
[156] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 504, fn. 5.
[157] Seymour, Charles (ed. by), The Intimate Papers of Col. House (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1926), pp. 161, 174.
[158] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 504-505, fn. 5, 7.
[159] The Jewish Chronicle, 26 May 1916. In a personal communication, Prof. W. Yale notes that the Cairo publisher Dr. Faris Nimr told him that Morgenthau had talked with the Khedive, Abbas Hilmi, in 1914, regarding a role in promoting the cession of Palestine to Egypt.
[160] New York Times, Obituary, 18 June, 1962.
[161] Chaim Weizmann Papers in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 506.
[162] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p. 453.
[163] Ibid., p.453. Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.506.
[164] Brandeis to de Haas and Lewin-Epstein. 20 September 1917, Brandeis Papers, in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 506.
[165] Ibid., Brandeis to House, 24 September 1917.
[166] Stein, The Balfour Declaration, pp. 507-508.
[167] The Brandeis Papers in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p.509.
[168] The Wilson Papers in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 509.
[169] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p.453.
[170] Ibid.
[171] Adler. ‘The Palestine Question in the Wilson Era,’ pp. 305-306. Quoted in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 528.
[172] See ‘The Zionist-Israel Juridical claims to constitute “The Jewish people” nationality entity and to confer membership in it: Appraisal in public international law.’ W.T. Mallinson, Jr., George Washington Law Review, Vol. 32, No.5, (June 1964). pp. 983-1075, particularly p. 1015.
[173] The New Palestine published by the Zionist Organization of America, 28 October 1927, pp. 321, 343.
[174] William Wiseman to Leonard Stein, 7 November 1952: in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 529.
[175] In a dispatch dated 19 May 1919 from Balfour to Curzon, ‘The correspondence with Sir William Wiseman in October 1917’ is mentioned as evidence of endorsement of the Balfour Declaration. Document on British Foreign Policy, First Series, Vol. IV, No.196, fn. 4, p.281.
[176] Stein, pp. 561-62.
[177] Mason, Brandeis, A Free Man’s Life, p.454.
[178] Ibid., p.455.
[179] The New York Times, 8 January 1961, 53:6.
[180] Ibid., 14 January 1961, 22:5.
[181] Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, Vol. II, p. 732.
[182] Claude Kitchen and the Wilson War Policies, 1937, reprinted 1971, Russel.
[183] Knightley, Phillip, The First Casualty (N.Y.: Harcourt Brace, 1975), p. 122.
[184] War Memoirs of David Lloyd George (Boston: Little, Brown, 1933), pp. 280-3.
[185] War Memoirs, p.291.
[186] The Conduct of War, J.F.C. Fuller (New Brunswick: Rutgers, 1961), p.171
[187] Translation from the Russian in Stein, The Balfour Declaration, p. 395.
[188] Great Britain, the Jews and Palestine (London, 1936), pp. 4-5, New Zionist Press.
[189] George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, p. 726.
[190] Taylor, Prelude to Israel, p.24.
[191] Example: resigning Israeli Chief of Staff, Gen. Rafael Eytan, following the invasion of Lebanon, likened the Palestinians to “cockroaches.”
[192] The U.S. General Accounting Office figure for military and economic aid to Israel from 1948 through 1982 was $24 billion. To this must be added the tax-free contributions to Israeli organizations, loss on investment of funds in Israeli bonds by American cities such as New York, by labor unions, and other entities. To the add the costs of transfer of American technology to Israel. Since 1982, IJ.S. annual taxpayer levies for Israel have been increased by Congress. so that the cost of Israel for the United States could easily climb to well in excess of $100 billion over the next decade.
[193] The New York Times, 10 July 1983.
[194] I recall distinctly how our soldiers fired their weapons at the elderly, at women and children, all on order of their commanders. I witnessed the pleas and cries of small children after their mothers were brutally killed in front of them by our soldiers. Some of the soldiers even fired phosphorus canisters into Ein El-Helweh shelters, where hundreds of civilians had taken refuge. None of them survived.” Account by Lt. Eytan Kleibneuf in Haolam Hazeh, Israel, 7 July 1982. Kleibneuf is a member of Mi’jan Michael Kibbutz and member of Mapam’s United Kibbutzim Movement, and a reserve officer in the Israel infantry forces.
The West German weekly Stern, 24 August 1982, carried an article by Austria’s Jewish Chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, stating that Israel had committed “gigantic crimes” in its invasion of Lebanon. “Israel stands morally naked. Its leaders have shown their true face,” he concluded.
During Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, the U.S. Jewish Press carried a regular column by Rabbi Meir Kahane advocating the killing of Palestinians of all ages. This he wrote, was G-d’s will as expressed in the Torah. Not to do so, opposed that will. This is the Holy War (herem) which God “commanded” the Hebrews to wage against the Canaanites for the possession of the Promised Land. The Old Testament repeatedly refers to the terror that the herem would produce and to Israel’s obligation to destroy all persons with their property who remain in the land, lest they become slaves or corrupting influences. The Hebrew word herem designates a sacred sphere where ordinary standards do not apply, and in a military context … herem is a total war of annihilation without limits against men, women, animals and property. For a discussion of the herem and its revival by the Zealots as reflected in the Dead Sea Scrolls, see de Vaux, R., Ancient Israel, New York: McGraw-Hill. 1972, pp.258-267.
In psychological terms, the defense for indulgence in the horror of herem is projection -projection of ideas of herem as being held by others, or indulging in behavior which invites the ”Group-Fantasy of Martyrdom.” See Journal of Psychohistory, Vol.6, No.2, Fall 1978, H.F. Stein, “The Psychodynamic Paradox of Survival Through Persecution,” pp.151-210.
[195] Within three weeks of the presentation of this lecture at the IHR conference, 241 U.S. Marines and 58 French servicemen were killed in Beirut on 23 October 1983.
[196] Israel’s Sacred Terrorism by Livia Rokach. Belmont 1980: Assoc. of Arab-Amer. Grads. Amer. Grads. Contains the Memoirs of Moshe Sharett 1953-57, Israel’s first Foreign Minister and second Prime Minister.
[197] “A Strategy for Israel in the Nineteen Eighties,” by Oded Yinon, a former officer in the Israeli Foreign Ministry. In Kivunim (Directions), the Hebrew-language journal of the Department of Information of the World Zionist Organization, February 1982. “The dissolution of Syria and Iraq … into ethnically or religious unique areas such as in Lebanon, is Israel’s primary target on the eastern front in the long run, while the dissolution of the military power of those states serves as the short term target,” the presentation reads in part.

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From The Journal of Historical Review, Winter 1985-6 (Vol. 6, No. 4), pages 389-450, 498. This paper was first presented by the author at the Fifth IHR Conference, 1983. It was also the basis for the booklet, Behind the Balfour Declaration: The Hidden Origin of Today’s Mideast Crisis, published by the Institute for Historical Review in 1988.

About the Author

Robert John — foreign affairs analyst, diplomatic historian, author and psychiatrist — was educated in England . He graduated from University of London King’s College, and then studied at the Middle Temple , Inns of Court, in London . He was the author, with Sami Hadawi, of The Palestine Diary: British, American and United Nations Intervention, 1914-1948. This detailed two-volume work, first published in 1970, includes a foreword by British historian Arnold Toynbee. Robert John died on June 4, 2007, age 86.

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